expert systems（帮忙翻译Cognitive Computing）
- 帮忙翻译Cognitive Computing
- 有人投过Expert Systems With Applications吗
- 求机械类 英文翻译,急~~~谢谢了
- expertsystems with application是ssci检索的
- expertsystemswithapplication是否
全手译,呵呵.mariahyang,你的中文水平有待提高,我不知道别人如何,反正我不太能看得懂你的中文说的是什么.
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Cognitive Computing
智能计算
Many elements of the information technology revolution that have vastly increased the effectiveness of the U.S. military and transformed American society—time-sharing, interactive computing, the ideas behind the personal computer, the Internet—were spurred on by the vision of a scientist at DARPA in the 1960s and 1970s, J. C. R. Licklider.
在信息技术革命中,许多革新不仅促进了美国军事力量快速发展,同时也改变了美国社会的生活.然而,早在20世纪六七十年代,科学家 J. C. R. Licklider便已在他的DARPA中预言了我们今天熟知的众多技术,如分时,交互计算,私人电脑及互联网.
Licklider envisioned people and computers working symbiotically. He imagined the potential of computers seamlessly adapting to people as partners that handle routine information processing tasks. Thus people would be free to focus on what they do best— think analytically and creatively—and, thereby, greatly extend the powers of their minds, i.e., what they can know, understand, and do.
在Licklider的想象中,人与计算机将建立一种协作的关系.作为人类最为得力的助手,计算机主要负责日常信息处理任务;而从繁琐的操作中解放出来的人类则充分发挥其思维天赋,利用自身的认知能力和理解能力,负责分析问题并进行创造性活动.
Despite the enormous and continuing progress in information technology over the years, it is clear that we are still quite short of Licklider’s vision.
尽管近年来信息技术的持续发展取得了巨大的进步,但是很显然,我们距离Licklider预言中的人机协作仍然很远.
While current information systems are critical to U.S. national defense, they remain exceedingly complex, expensive to create and debug, hard to integrate with each other, insecure, and prone to failure. 虽然当前美国的国家防御以信息系统为主要支持,但是这种系统操作仍然过于复杂，成本与调试都过于昂贵,并且协调性和安全性都较差,极易被攻击.
And, they still require the user to adapt to them, rather than the other way around. Computers have grown ever faster, but they remain fundamentally unintelligent and difficult to use.
同时,与Licklider的预测恰恰相反,这些系统仍然需要使用者去适应它们.虽然计算机有了长足的发展,但是它们仍然是非智能化的,且操作困难,(无法成为人类的助手).
Page 10 of 14 第十页(计14页,估计是页码,嘿嘿)
Something dramatically different is needed.
我们急需更具有划时代意义的革新.
In response, DARPA’s Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) is returning to its roots to take on Licklider’s vision again in a strategic thrust called “cognitive computing.”
为响应这种革新,DARPA信息处理技术中心（IPTO）重新审视Licklider的预测,探其本源,并将其提高至“智能计算“的战略高度.
Cognitive computers can be thought of as systems that know what they are doing.
所谓的智能计算机,是一种对自己的行为具有认知能力的系统.
Cognitive computing systems will have the ability to reason about their environment (including other systems), their goals, and their own capabilities.
智能计算系统能够对它们的操作环境(包括其他系统),目标和自身的能力进行智能思考.
They will be able to learn both from experience and by being taught.
它们具有学习能力,可以在操作实践和人类的教授中不断改进.
They will be capable of natural interactions with users and will be able to explain their reasoning in natural terms.
它们能够与使用者进行简单的互动,并且用简单的语言解释它们的推理过程.
They will be robust in the face of surprises and avoid the brittleness and fragility of previous expert systems.
它们对突发事件具有极强的应变能力,并且避免了传统专家系统的脆弱和易被攻击的弱点.
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全文:
智能计算
在信息技术革命中,许多革新不仅促进了美国军事力量快速发展,同时也改变了美国社会的生活.然而,早在20世纪六七十年代,科学家 J. C. R. Licklider便已在他的DARPA中预言了我们今天熟知的众多技术,如分时,交互计算,私人电脑及互联网.在Licklider的想象中,人与计算机将建立一种协作的关系.作为人类最为得力的助手,计算机主要负责日常信息处理任务;而从繁琐的操作中解放出来的人类则充分发挥其思维天赋,利用自身的认知能力和理解能力,负责分析问题并进行创造性活动.
尽管近年来信息技术的持续发展取得了巨大的进步,但是很显然,我们距离Licklider预言中的人机协作仍然很远.虽然当前美国的国家防御以信息系统为主要支持,但是这种系统操作仍然过于复杂，成本与调试都过于昂贵,并且协调性和安全性都较差,极易被攻击.同时,与Licklider的预测恰恰相反,这些系统仍然需要使用者去适应它们.虽然计算机有了长足的发展,但是它们仍然是非智能化的,且操作困难,(无法成为人类的助手). 第十页(计14页,估计是页码,嘿嘿) 我们急需更具有划时代意义的革新.
为响应这种革新,DARPA信息处理技术中心（IPTO）重新审视Licklider的预测,探其本源,并将其提高至“智能计算“的战略高度.所谓的智能计算机,是一种对自己的行为具有认知能力的系统.
智能计算系统能够对它们的操作环境(包括其他系统),目标和自身的能力进行智能思考.它们具有学习能力,可以在操作实践和人类的教授中不断改进.它们能够与使用者进行简单的互动,并且用简单的语言解释它们的推理过程.它们对突发事件具有极强的应变能力,并且避免了传统专家系统的脆弱和易被攻击的弱点.
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补充几句:
mariahyang,看得出,你把你的翻译作了一定的修改,通顺多了,呵呵.但是,我却很想知道,我翻译中的哪句话违背了“信“的原则?我翻译中的哪一句又与原文表达的意思不同?
的确,你查字典,智能计算是intelligent computing,但是在本文中,介绍的是具有简单的思考能力认知能力的计算机,译成智能计算有何不可?我又可否请教一下,什么叫作认知计算?即使要尊重原文,你至少也要译作“认知性计算“ 吧.
And, they still require the user to adapt to them, rather than the other way around. Computers have grown ever faster, but they remain fundamentally unintelligent and difficult to use.
同时,与Licklider的预测恰恰相反,这些系统仍然需要使用者去适应它们.虽然计算机有了长足的发展,但是它们仍然是非智能化的,且操作困难,无法成为人类的助手.
这句话你说我没有译出,rather than the other way around?那我最后那一句无法成为人类的助手是从哪儿来的?英语和中文在语序和主被动语态上表达上有很大的区别,适当调整句子结构是必须的,这是翻译的基本功,你不会不明白吧?
没错,翻译讲究信达雅,以信为首,但是,你的翻译总要符合标的语言的表达习惯吧?你说出来的话总要让人知道你是在说什么吧?你自己看看你译的:
“一些明显不一样的东西被（我们）所需;
““认知计算机可以被认为是那些知道它们自己在做什么的系统。“
“ 面对突然事件它们是坚韧的.“
“它们将能够从经验和被教授两个方面来学习。“
中国人有这么说话的吗?你这么译,语句通顺吗?
同样的句子,我译成
我们急需更具有划时代意义的革新.
所谓的智能计算机,是一种对自己的行为具有认知能力的系统.
它们对突发事件具有极强的应变能力
它们具有学习能力,可以在操作实践和人类的教授中不断改进.
和你所表达的意思有何本质上的区别?我如何违背了“信“的原则?
还有,什么叫作“它们能够和使用者自然的互动“,什么叫自然的互动?natural在这里是简单的意思,你就是这样尊重原文的?就是这样“信“的?
东西译出来了,摆在这儿了,就是给别人挑错的.翻译不是逐字逐句的把英语换成中文,如果是那样的话,与机器何异?
如果你觉得我译得哪儿不忠实于原文,自然可以批评.不过这种不懂充懂,鸡蛋里挑骨头的挑剔就算了.
我2013年10月21日投的，到现在也没有回音。其中，2014年5月写信问过，投稿平台自动回复，说这个期刊的审稿期是1年，让等候。等我2014年12月底又写信问，结果，投稿平台回复说，会和主编联系，但不能把主编的邮箱给我，直到现在也没有消息。
INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of science and technology, product features requirements of the growing number and complexity of the increase in life expectancy shortened, replacement faster. However, the design of the products, especially mechanical products in the design means, is力不从心, failed to keep pace with the needs of the times. At present, computer-aided product design drawings, design, manufacturing, production planning has been a relatively extensive and in-depth study and achieved initial results, and product development programmes of the early computer-aided design is far from meeting a need. To this end, the author read a lot of literature on the basis of a summary of the design and scholars at home and abroad to design the method used, and discussed the various methods of organic link between product design and mechanical Computer trend of development.
Under the current domestic and foreign scholars to design machinery design methods used by the main features of the programme can be summed up modern design for the following four major types.
1, systematic design method
Systematic design of the main features are: design as from a number of design elements of a system, every design element of independence, there are various elements of the organic links and a level of all the design elements Combined, you can design systems to achieve the task.
Systematic design idea in the 1970s by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, a system based on the theory, developed a design of the general pattern, and advocate of the design work should be rational. German Engineers Association in this on the basis of design, develop standards VDI2221 “technology systems and product development design methods.
The development of the product design process of mechanical model, basically follow the German standards VDI2221 the design. In addition, many of our product design and scholars in the programme design and also learn from other developed countries cited the systematic design, which is representative:
(1) The user needs as the product concept of functional characteristics, structural design and part design, process planning, operations control, and so on the basis of the product development process of the macro, the use of Quality Function layout methods, systems and information needs of users will be reasonable and effective And converted to the various stages of product development objectives and operations control technology means a point of order.
(2) products as organisms on the level of life, and life systems through the use of the product design process can demand level of success and realize the concept of functional requirements of the specific levels and product design level. At the same time using the system icons to life the abstract expression of the functional requirements of products, product features a system structure.
(3) the mechanical design system in the application of science into two basic questions: First, to design products as a system to process, to determine the best of its components (modules) and their mutual relations and the other is the product design Process as a system, according to the design objectives, correct and reasonable to determine the design of all aspects of the work and the various design stage.
As each designer to study issues and to consider the perspective of the different emphases, to design a programme of specific research methods also differ. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods.
1.1 design elements of
With five design elements (functions, effects, effects of vector, shape and surface elements parameters) described “product solution“ that a product design elements of the five identified, all the characteristics of products and value characteristics already identified. Chinese scholars have also adopted similar design methods described product of the original understanding.
1.2 graphical modeling law
Development of the design analysis and guidance systems “KALEIT, with a clear level of the graphic description of the product structure and functions related to the abstract information, and the system structure and function of the graphical modeling, and the function of the connection between.
Will be assisted design divided into two methods and information exchange, the use of Nijssen information analysis methods can be used graphic symbols, with a variety of semantic model structure, the integration can be described conditions can be divided into binding type, can relations between any combination of features , Will design solutions and information technology integration, the design process to achieve a different level of abstraction of information between the graphical modeling.
The literature semantic network design as a design tool in the development of the semantic network design ASK, using nodes and a network of lines describing the design, components of the node that the unit design tasks, functions, components or processing Equipment, etc.), and lines used to adjust the definition node between different semantic relations, which in the design process for all the activities and results of pre-built model, the early design requirements to the definition of a specific structure can be described by the relationship between The definition of the expression, and a computer-aided design process from abstract to concrete leap.
1.3 “idea“ - “design“ law
Will be divided into product design “concept“ and “design“ in two stages. “Idea“ phase of the mission is to seek, select and design portfolio to meet the requirements of the original understanding of tasks. “Design“ stage of work is the concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.
The programme will be “ideas“ for the specific description: According to a suitable functional structure, designed to meet the requirements of the mandate of the original understanding. Functional structure of the sub-function by “structural elements“ to achieve, and “structural elements“ of the physical connection between the definition of “functional carrier“, “functional carrier“ and “structural elements“ and formation of the interaction between the functional diagram ( Mechanical movement diagram). Programme of “design“ is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all the “functional carrier“ and “structural elements“, then all the quantitative description of “structural elements“ and connecting pieces ( “functional vector“) the shape and location have The structure of. Roper, H. use of graph theory theory, the help from his definition of “total design unit (GE)“, “structure elements (KE)“, “functional structure elements (FKE)“, “connecting structure elements (VKE)“, “Structural parts (KT)“, “structural elements parts (KET)“ concept, and describes elements of size, location and transmission parameters of the relationship between the number of thumbs, the design intuitive design experts design “stage.
From the design methodology of the point of view, the design task will be clear after the design work is divided into three steps: 1) access to functions and functional structure (referred to as “functional“), 2) find effects (referred to as the “effect“); ) To find structure (referred to as “the configuration of the Rules“). And use the following four strategies described machinery idea stage of the process: Strategy 1: were considered “functional“ and “effect“ and “configuration rules.“ Therefore, we can work in various steps to create variations in the respective programmes, resulting in the original understanding of the broad spectrum. Strategy 2: “effect“ and “configuration rules“ (including the designer to create the rules) association, to consider a separate function (usually associated with the design task). At this point, to identify the typical configuration rules and their effects need to have a wealth of experience, the programme spectrum far less than a strategy of the programme spectrum. Strategy 3: “functional“ and “effect“, “configuration rules“ are closely related. Applicable to the function, and the configuration of the rules of no choice, with special requirements of the areas, such as ultra-small machinery, large machinery, high-value function parts, and those with special requirements of the functional components, and so on. Strategy 4: In view of the structural design requirements of the solution. The strategy starting from the existing parts, through different parts of the order and connection, was expected to function.
1.4 Matrix Design
In the programme design process used in “requirement - to“ logic tree ( “or“ tree) described requirements, the relationship between the function, to satisfy the requirements of functional design solution set, a different design. According to “request - to“ logic tree establishment of a “request - to“ association matrix, meet the requirements necessary to describe the complex relationship between function, expressed functional requirements and the relationship between the one-to-one.
Kotaetal will matrix as a mechanical system design basis, the mechanical system design space as a functional decomposition of space, only that each sub-space design of a module, in the abstract phase of the high-level, with each module design movement conversion matrix And a vector for the operation of restraint that in the abstract phase of the low-rise, each module design parameters were expressed as a matrix and the equation of motion.
1.5 bond graph Law
Will form a system components into the function to generate energy, energy consumption, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transmission and use of bond graph of the function of the components that will be based on the functions of the model and bonding with plans to achieve functional The automatic generation of structural and functional structure and bonding between the automatic conversion plans to seek bond graph generated by a number of design methods.
2, modular design structure
From the perspective of planning products: the definition of its mandate to design features of the product structure is based on the use of existing products (such as GM parts components, etc.) described the design task, that is, when the mandate of decomposition on each task to consider whether there is the corresponding Solutions products, so that in the planning stages of product design tasks to eliminate the contradictions that might exist in the early forecast production capacity, costs and the development of the process of designing the plan adjustable, which can improve the design efficiency and design of reliability, At the same time also reduce the cost of new products. Feldmann will describe the function of the design task is divided into four levels of product structure, (1) products → (2) functional components → (3) main function components → (4) functional components. And the use of application-oriented features of the directory structure, a more specific functional components of the qualitative and quantitative description. At the same time developed for early in the product development and design tools used by early STRAT.
Machinery specialized for most of that function can be used existing product solutions and new solutions with only a small number of special features, therefore, for the use of mechanical design features of the product structure, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacture risk is very beneficial.
Functional Analysis of the products promoted on the basis of the product is broken down into a function of one or more of the basic modular structure, through the selection and combination of these modular structure formed into various products. These basic structure can be parts, components, or even a system. The ideal modular structure should be standardized interface (connectivity and with the Department of), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economic, with interchangeable, compatibility and relevance of the . China’s combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and composition of deformation design combined, according to grade modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into Youdadaoxiao product level, component level, component-level and component level, and use CAD technology and expertise to their portfolio into different species, different specifications of the functional module, the module from the combination of these functions into different processing center overall programme.
To select a design for the directory structure of the variation machinery tools, the design of the proposed elements for a complete, structured format, a solution set design directory. And Set Design listed in the directory comment on each of the additional information, very beneficial to design engineers choice of the elements.
According to the connectivity features of mechanical parts and components, will be summarized into four types: 1) The components of direct targeting, and self-adjustment of parts, 2) a common structure of the assembly, 3) have nested structure and inlay Shell-like components of the connection, 4) a modular architecture and modular components of the connection. And a quasi-symbols that the typical components and rules of the connection between the components, to achieve this connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization.
In the mechanical system design, “features a“ module on the functions of decomposition, and provides the best functional decomposition “tablets“ of the extent of the functional and institutional forms of one-to-one. “Structure to establish“ as a function of the module is the choice of targets in order to achieve mapping algorithm.
3, based on knowledge of product design features
Knowledge-based product design features of the main features are: to use the computer to identify the language describing the characteristics of the product design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and reasoning machine, and then use the storage areas have been established by the knowledge and reasoning Mechanisms to achieve computer-aided design products.
The mechanical system design is based on products with the characteristics, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of several comprehensive. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, we must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the scholars at home and abroad designed for mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, the method used can be summarized in the following few.
3.1 coding method
According to “campaign conversion“ feature (the function million) institutions will be classified, described and use the code function yuan and institutional categories, which established a “body system design expert system“ Knowledge Base. On this basis, will be the dual logic and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of combining theory, the establishment of the “expert systems“ reasoning mechanism, and for the four-position for the design of the machine.
Use of biological evolution theory, through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the principle of evolution of organisms to the body design, use of network theory methods to express the structure for topology, and then through the coding technology, the structure and institutions Performance of individual chromosomes into the binary string, and in accordance with design requirements of fitness, the use of biological evolution theory of reproduction control mechanism, through the selection, crossover, such as a sudden variation means to eliminate low value of the individual are not suited to the fast evolution Be the best adaptation of the individual, that is, most with the design requirements of the agency programme.
3.2 knowledge of the law mixed
The complex mechanical systems design, mixed use of the knowledge expression describes the design of various types of knowledge is particularly suited to this point has been the design of many scholars of the consensus.
In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, will be the rules, framework, processes and neural networks, and other knowledge that organic combination of methods to adapt to different types of knowledge in the design of the description. Knowledge will be a single expression of a variety of methods (rules, framework and process), according to object-oriented programming principles, the framework of the groove with that object’s properties, with rules that target the dynamic characteristics, with the knowledge that the treatment process, group Into a hybrid form of knowledge, and successfully developed the “object-oriented NC gantry milling machine gearbox design intelligent system GBCDIS“ and “transmission structure design expert system GBSDES“.
3.3 use of the knowledge-based development tool
Coupling in the CAD system, the use of the knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT-OBJECT, through the use of object-oriented approach, to create an object-oriented database design method for coupling the designer to design and structural design Provided extensive and reliable method of the design spectrum. NEXPERT describe the use of linear guide the design of the need to design based on knowledge of the content, which seek to knowledge-based solutions, and developed a linear guide design expert system.
3.4 Design Law Directory
Construction of the “modules“, “functional element solution“ and “institutions“ three progressive design directory, and this directory of three progressive design principles of the programme as a mechanical transmission system intelligent design and development of the knowledge base of design Aids.
3.5 Based on the example of the way
In the development of expert systems design knowledge base, using the basic predicate described design requirements, design conditions and the selected programme, described by frame “Project“ and various “concept entity,“ through case-based reasoning of the technologies used to produce candidate With the horsepower to product design requirements.
4, Intelligent Design
Intelligent Design is the main characteristics: According to the theories of design, through the use of 3D graphics software, intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, the concept of products, description of the product结构.
expertsystems with application是SCI检索的
《Expert Systems with Applications》被认为是人工智能、运筹学与管理科学等领域的最重要国际期刊之一，2020年影响因子为6.954，被SCI检索，隶属于中科院期刊一区及TOP期刊。
《EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS》2020中科院分区（基础版）
大类学科及分区：工程技术 ? ?2区? ??
是否TOP期刊：是
小类学科及分区：
COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
计算机：人工智能 ? ?2区 ? ?
ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
工程：电子与电气 ? ?2区 ? ?
OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
运筹学与管理科学 ? ?
expertsystemswithapplication是ssci检索的。根据查询相关公开信息显示，xpertsystemswithapplication是SCI检索的，ExpertSystemswithApplications被认为是人工智能、运筹学与管理科学等领域的最重要国际期刊之一。
